Polonnaruwa served as the second capital of Sri Lanka after the fall of Anuradhapura. It became the center of political and religious life in the 12th century, particularly during the reign of King Parakramabahu I. The city is home to an impressive collection of ruins, including temples, palaces, and reservoirs that reflect the grandeur of ancient Sri Lankan civilization. Key attractions include the Gal Vihara, a rock temple with four colossal Buddha statues, and the Parakrama Samudra, a vast irrigation reservoir that was a marvel of ancient engineering.

The cultural significance of Polonnaruwa is evident in its well-preserved ruins, which highlight the sophistication of the city’s architecture and urban planning. The intricately carved sculptures and statues throughout the city are important representations of the religious and artistic culture of the period. The city’s architecture reflects the fusion of local traditions and influences from the broader Indian subcontinent.

Polonnaruwa’s irrigation systems were an extraordinary feat of engineering and played a crucial role in sustaining the city’s agriculture. The Parakrama Samudra, in particular, was designed to harness the monsoon rains and ensure a steady water supply for both the city and its surrounding agricultural lands. This advanced system of reservoirs and canals contributed greatly to the prosperity of the region, marking Polonnaruwa as a hub of innovation in both art and engineering.